Thoughts on Exam 3 Neel Bhatt: I really felt more comfortable with the format of this exam, but I didn't do as well as I had thought. Our team work on this exam was pretty good, and I think we did a better job discussing and reasoning. We should keep working hard. Katherine MacDonald: I did the best on this exam so far, but I am still a little disappointed at my score. I am always just at average. I just really need to step it up for the next exam. Graham Hall: I got a little lucky on this test, but I need to study more in advanced for the next one. Elizabeth Roush: I felt I knew the material that was expected to be on the exam but that it was not reflected by my score. I was confident that I would have done better and although I improved from the previous test was a little disappointed by the score. Kevin Yamada: I felt this test was very challenging, but the information was comprehendable. It took me a little bit longer to really get a grasp on the material, but once I understood it, everything fell into place. I think it was important to look back over the material on the circulatory system and incorporate everything that we've already learned with what we were supposed to learn for this exam. I was definately more relaxed going into this exam, because I was familiar with the test set-up. I hope to continue working with our group to improve as individuals and as a team. (PS i must not have updated the box correctly, and none of my input was saved. I apologize for the tardines) Amanda Cook: I was not happy with my score on this exam. For the next exam I need to make sure that I study a lot harder so that I can improve my score. The exam was a lot harder than I anticipated.

New Topics from Exam 3 * Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone - Renin is an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys. Once renin enters the blood stream, it splits a small polypeptide called angiotensin I from a large plasma proten called angiotensinogen, which is produced int he liver. Angiotensin I undergoes cleavage from an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to form angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a very potent vasoconstrictor. In addition to vasoconstriction, angiotensin II causes an increased secreation of aldosterone and an increased reabsorption of Na and H2O. Aldosterone causes an increased reabsorption of Na and H2O. *ADH -ADH, also called vasopressin, is an antidiuretic hormone. ADH is a peptide hormone secreted fromt he posterior pituitary. ADH increases the luminal membranes permeability to H2O and thus increases water reabsorption. In the presence of a high plasma concentration, ADH levels are high. * Glomerular Filtration -The glomerular filtrate is the fluid that is in Bowman's space. It normally doesn't contain cells but contains all plamsa substances except proteins. Glomerular filtration is a bulk flow process in which water and all low-molecular-weight substances move together. Forces favoring filtration are glomerular capillary blood pressure. Forces opposing filtration are fluid pressure in Bowman's space and osmotic force due to protein in plasma. The normal rate for glomerular filtration is 180 L/day. * Reabsorption -Reabsorption of waste products is relatively incomplete while reabsorption of plama components is relatively complete. The reabsorption rates of most organic nutrients are always very high. Reabsorption can occur by diffusion or by mediated transport. Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. * Secretion -Secretion can also occur by diffusion or mediated transport. The most important substances secreted by the tubules are hydrogen ions and potassium. Also, a large number of organic anions such as choline and creatinine are secreted. Tubulare secretion is usually coupled to the reabsorption of sodium. *Congestive Heart Failure -Kidney failure can lead to congestive hear failure * Acid-Base Balance -Acidosis occurs when in any situation the hydrogen ion concentration or arterial plasma is elevated. Alkalosis denotes a reduction in hydrogen ions. Respiratory alkalosis occurs when the respiratory system fails to eliminate carbon dioxide faster than it is produced. Respiratory acidosis occurs when the respiratory system eliminates carbon dioxide faster than it is produced. Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis occurs any other time when the problem is not respiratory.

Team Performance on Exam 3 Team 3 was pleased with the team performance on this exam. This was our highest team score. We earned 48/50 points. We did pretty well and finished among the top rankings in the team section.

Solutions for Improvement * Better organization